European Union governments have agreed to impose sweeping sanctions on
Russia,
targeting state-owned banks, imposing an arms embargo, and restricting
sales of sensitive technology and export of equipment for the country's
oil industry, in response to Moscow's continued backing for separatists
in eastern
Ukraine.
The
punitive measures, the most extensive EU sanctions imposed on Russia
since the cold war, were agreed by ambassadors from the 28 member states
after a seven-hour debate. They decided that Moscow had not fulfilled
the conditions laid down by foreign ministers last week, to stop the
supply of arms to the rebels and provide full cooperation in the
investigation into the shooting down of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17.
According
to an EU official, the most important measure agreed was to deny
Russian state-owned banks access to European capital markets. Under the
agreed sanctions, Europeans will not be permitted to buy debt, equity or
other financial instruments with a maturity higher than 90 days in
Russian state-owned financial institutions. Brokering or other services
linked to any such transactions will also banned.
Any trade in
arms and "related material" with Russia, both import and export, will be
banned but the embargo will only apply to future contracts, and
therefore would not affect the €1.2bn sale of two French Mistral
helicopter carrier ships already agreed. Russia imports relatively few
arms from the EU, but sells
Europe weapons worth more than €3bn.
Certain
technology related to the energy industry will require specific prior
authorisation, and export permits will not be given for exploration or
production equipment for deep-water or arctic drilling, or for shale
exploration.
The measures do not affect the actual trade of oil, gas or other commodities.
"It
is to do with how Russia might seek to exploit its natural resources
further in the future, which are obviously an important money earner for
the Russian state, and the fact they would probably look to use
technology from other countries to do that," a British government source
said.
Under the new measures, equipment and technology on the EU
list of dual-use items, with both civilian and military purposes, can
not be sold to Russian companies involved in any way in the arms
industry – an export trade estimated to be worth around €20bn.
The economic sanctions are due to take effect later this week and be reviewed after three months.
Furthermore, another eight names of individuals and three entities
will be added on Wednesday to the EU blacklist of Russians subject to
asset freezes and travel bans. Of those, four of the new individuals on
the sanctions lists were described by an EU officials as "cronies" of
President Vladimir Putin, but the names have not yet been released.
The
capital market measures are likely to prove the most painful for
Russia. Last year, nearly half the bonds issued by Russian state-run
financial institutions were issued in the EU's financial markets.
Although Russian banks could go elsewhere to raise funds, the added
uncertainty will add to the country's borrowing costs.
Read more: Sweeping economic sanctions imposed on Russia by EU | World news | theguardian.com