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| "One Belt, One Road" Dev. Meeting in Beijing May 14 and 15 |
Despite the apparent tranquility of this year’s spring meetings of the
International Monetary Fund and World Bank, there are reasons to be
concerned about the global economy.
The United Kingdom’s impending
“hard” Brexit from the European Union and US President Donald Trump’s
anti-globalization agenda are creating economic uncertainty, and will
continue to do so for some time.
In contrast to Trump, Chinese President Xi Jinping has come to the
defense of globalization, and made new capital available for creating
global pubic goods, enhancing connectivity, and creating jobs in
developing countries.
More than 60 countries have welcomed Xi’s “One Belt, One Road” initiative, and 28 heads of state will attend an OBOR summit in Beijing on May 14. So, what is China’s rationale for pursuing
this grandiose vision – one that so many countries, especially in the
developing world, have embraced?
In our new book,
Going Beyond Aid: Development Cooperation for Structural Transformation,
we argue that official development aid (ODA) need not always be
concessional, and make the case for going “beyond aid,” toward a broader
approach – like that taken by China – that includes trade and
investment. Right now, the OECD’s definition of ODA does not even
include some of the more effective instruments for facilitating
structural transformation in recipient countries, such as equity
investment and large non-concessional loans for infrastructure.
By combining aid with trade and investment, donor and recipient countries alike can benefit. For example, the
South-South
development cooperation uses all three activities to capitalize on
recipient countries’ economic strengths. This allows the SSDC to avoid
the bottlenecks in partner countries that one sees under the standard
ODA model, which separates aid from trade and private investment – and
thus impedes countries from exploiting their comparative advantages
In our book, we look at this topic through the lens of New Structural Economics. NSE treats modern economic development as a process of continuous structural change in technologies, industries, and hard and soft infrastructure – all of which increases labor productivity, and thus per capita income.
According to NSE, the most effective and sustainable approach for a low-income country to jumpstart dynamic growth and development is to develop those sectors in which it has latent comparative advantages: where production costs are low, but transaction costs are high due to inadequate hard and soft infrastructure. Governments can help to reduce transaction costs by creating special economic zones or industrial parks, improving infrastructure, and making the overall business environment more attractive in those enclaves. With this approach, a developing country can grow dynamically, and create a virtuous circle of job creation and poverty reduction, even if its overall infrastructure and business environment are still lacking.
Moreover, large emerging-market economies such as China, Brazil, and India can use their comparative advantages in infrastructure and light manufacturing to help others. For China, this is in keeping with a Confucian dictum: “One who wishes himself to be successful must also help others to be successful; one who wishes to develop himself must also help others to develop.”
China has a clear comparative advantage in infrastructure construction, owing to its lower labor costs (the cost of a project site foreman in China is one-eighth that of OECD countries) and vast domestic market, which have enabled it to achieve economies of scale that other countries simply cannot. Consequently, the overall construction cost for high-speed rail in China is two-thirds of what it is in industrial countries.
But China’s comparative advantages in 46 of 97 subsectors – particularly in manufacturing – benefit other developing countries, too. As labor costs in China rise, labor-intensive industries are relocating to lower-wage developing countries, providing millions of job opportunities. For example, the Huajian Shoemaking Company, C&H Garments, and China JD Group (an apparel maker), are now operating in special economic zones in, respectively, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Tanzania.
In addition to exporting its comparative advantages, China also deploys “patient capital,” which has a maturity of ten years or more. In a recently published paper, we conceptualize patient capital as an investment in a “relationship,” whereby an investor has a long-term stake in a country’s development. Patient-capital owners are like equity investors, but they are willing to “sink” money in the real sector for an extended period of time.
Patient-capital owners are also more willing, and better able, to take risks. In the chart below, we show that a country’s net-foreign-asset position correlates strongly with its long-term orientation. On the other hand, net-foreign-asset positions of countries with a short-term orientation and a low savings rate tend to deteriorate, while their foreign debts mounts. .
Read more: China: Development Beyond Aid by Justin Yifu Lin and Yan Wang - Project Syndicate
